What Are The Effects Of Acid Rain?

What Are The Effects Of Acid Rain? Part I What is Acid Rain? Corrosive downpour is a general term that alludes to the statement of acidic materials from the climate on the outside of the earth. In this manner it is all the more suitably called corrosive affidavit. There are two kinds of corrosive statement, wet affidavit and dry testimony. Wet statement, or corrosive precipitation, alludes to acidic downpour, day off, or slush. It happens when poisons, for example, Sulfur and Nitrogen oxides (SOx, NOx) are available in the climate and respond with water fume to shape acidic arrangements, for example, Sulfurous Acid (H2SO3), Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4), Nitrous Acid (HNO2) and Nitric Acid (HNO3) that tumble to Earths surface as precipitation. Dry testimony alludes to the affidavit of particles and gases of Sulfur and Nitrogen oxides (SOx, NOx) on Earths surface. These particles and gases become acids when they respond with water on the outside of the Earth. Common precipitation has a pH of about 5.6. It is somewhat acidic b ecause of broken up Carbon dioxide (CO2). In examination, corrosive testimony as a rule has a pH of about 4.3 5.0. As expressed above, corrosive statement is brought about by poisons in the environment. Most of these toxins are discharged in to the environment by the copying of non-renewable energy sources. Fills, for example, coal and oil contain Sulfur and when they are singed they elease it. At the point when Sulfur is discharged into the climate by ignition it responds as needs be: S + O2 Æ'â SO2 Sulfur discharged by the copying of powers, for example, oil and coal responds with Oxygen noticeable all around to yield Sulfur dioxide. 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 Sulfur dioxide responds with the Oxygen noticeable all around to yield Sulfur trioxide SO2 + H2O Æ'â H2SO3 SO3 + H2O Æ'â H2SO4 Sulfur dioxide and Sulfur trioxide respond with water, either in the climate or on the outside of the Earth, to yield Sulfurous Acid and Sulphuric Acid Ignition of energizes in vehicles discharges another toxin, Nitrogen gas. When Nitrogen gas is discharged in to the air by burning it responds appropriately: N2 + O2 Æ'â 2NO N2 + 2O2 Æ'â 2NO2 Nitrogen gas responds with Oxygen noticeable all around to yield Nitric oxide and Nitrogen dioxide 2NO + O2 2NO2 Nitric oxide responds with oxygen noticeable all around to yield Nitrogen dioxide 2NO2 + H2O Æ'â HNO2 + HNO3 Nitrogen dioxide responds with water, either in the air or on the outside of the Earth, to yield Nitrous Acid and Nitric Acid. Limited quantities of these contaminations are additionally discharged into the air normally. Breaking down vegetation discharges gases that add to toxins in the climate. Lightning produces Nitric oxide (NO) and volcanic ejections discharge Sulfur dioxide (SO2). Some air scientific experts, for example, Dr. Ronald Prinn accept that corrosive downpour has been around for many years. Dr. Prinn accepts that corrosive downpour could be answerable for the annihilation of dinosaurs. Notwithstanding, the primary known perception of corrosive downpour didn't occur until the nineteenth century, around the hour of the Industrial Revolution. It was Robert Angus Smith, an English researcher, who thought of the term corrosive downpour in 1872 when he saw that acidic precipitation was harming plants. Corrosive downpour was not viewed as a significant ecological worry until the 1970s when researchers watched the impacts of corrosive downpour on environments. At the point when it was clarified that corrosive downpour impactsly affects environments and that it isn't just a provincial issue but instead a global one, governments started to get included. In 1991, Canada and the United States marked the Canada-US Air Quality Agreement and resolved to diminish SO x and NOx outflows. Part II How does Acid Rain influence our Society? Corrosive downpour has an amazingly negative effect on our general public. The most pulverizing result of corrosive downpour is the influence that it has on terrestial just as amphibian biological systems. In earthbound biological systems, corrosive downpour decimates plants. Corrosive downpour causes poisonous metals, for example, aluminum, copper, lead, manganese and zinc to filter out of rocks and soils. Also, supplements present in topsoil filter down to the earth. Plant development is essentially diminished in soils lacking supplements and wealthy in noxious alumnium. The other poisonous metals discharged by acidic soil murder night crawlers and nitrogen-fixing microscopic organisms, the two of which are basic to plant development. Corrosive downpour can likewise erodes the defensive covering of leaves. These results additionally affect the farming business. Numerous yields can't develop in soils that are deficient with regards to supplements and contain aluminum. Moreover, corr osive downpour devastates numerous food harvests, for example, radishes, tomatoes and apples. The impacts of corrosive downpour reaches out to oceanic environments. The harmful substances that are filtered out of rocks and soil can be washed in to lakes and waterways. Fish are effectively harmed by these poisonous substances. The acidic condition that corrosive downpour makes in lakes and waterways is additionally unsafe to angle and other sea-going life forms. The causticity executes numerous creatures that are ordinarily at the base of a mind boggling amphibian evolved way of life. The natural pecking order at that point breakdown and the populaces of numerous creatures fundamentally decline. Corrosive downpour additionally interferes with fish generation as it can wreck fish eggs. There are a lot progressively negative impacts of corrosive downpour. New water gracefully can be defiled by the sharpness just as by the metals that are filtered from rocks and soil because of corrosive downpour. Corrosive downpour can likewise erode water transportation pipes, permitting metal to enter the water gracefully. Another result of corrosive downpour is the impact that it has on a cityscape. Corrosive downpour can fundamentally harm metal and stone structures. At long last, corrosive downpour can have an effect on human wellbeing. Sullied water can cause wellbeing concerns. The SOx and NOx in dry affidavit can cause various respiratory sicknesses, for example, asthma, emphysema and bronchitis. Moreover, Nitrogen oxides (NOx) can respond with unstable natural mixes noticeable all around close to the outside of the Earth to yield Ozone, which can be impeding to the respiratory framework. Part III What would it be a good idea for us to do about Acid Rain? There are two strategies that can be taken when moving toward the issue of corrosive downpour. We can either overlook the issue or we can take care of business and endeavor to control the issue. The two strategies have their points of interest and disservices. On the off chance that we overlook corrosive downpour, nothing will be done to control or stop it and we will keep on experiencing its results. The benefit of this strategy is that no assets must be consumed. Governments, ventures and residents don't need to put any cash in to endeavoring to tackle the issue. Governments don't need to put resources into new vitality sources. Enterprises can continue utilizing current methods without putting resources into new procedures so as to help with taking care of the issue. Residents can likewise go on without attempting to moderate assets so as to endeavor to stop corrosive downpour. Notwithstanding, the hindrance of this technique is that corrosive downpour will stay a danger to earthl y environments, oceanic biological systems, the farming business, cityscapes, new water supplies and human wellbeing. On the off chance that corrosive downpour proceeds with the impacts could be destroying. The subsequent strategy is to take care of the issue and endeavor to control corrosive downpour. So as to do so toxin discharges must be diminished, elective wellsprings of vitality must be found and utilized, assets must be monitored, polices must be set up so as to secure air quality and lakes and waterways must be killed. The favorable position to this strategy is that it can possibly control or even stop corrosive downpour. By doing so we can spare numerous earthly and oceanic biological systems, increment yield of harvests, forestall harm to cityscapes, keep supplies of new water clean and dispose of any danger of human wellbeing being put in danger because of corrosive downpour. Nonetheless, the weakness to this technique is that it is over the top expensive. It likewise re quires governments, enterprises and residents to make a move. To decrease contamination discharges, organizations need to put resources into new cleaner innovation. Such innovation incorporates Sulfur scrubbers in manufacturing plants and exhaust systems in vehicles. These innovations are costly and require a huge speculation from businesses. Moreover, if arrangements are set up so as to keep up air quality, numerous organizations should put resources into new innovation so as to meet these new guidelines. So as to discover and utilize new vitality sources enterprises just as governments should put a lot of cash into research and usage. Furthermore, killing lakes and waterways that have been harmed by corrosive downpour with limestone will likewise require the administration to go through a lot of cash. These costs will in the long run be passed down to the buyer just as the resident. So as to control corrosive downpour we should likewise ration our characteristic assets. This will be hard for a general public that is driven by abuse. Incomes of numerous organizations may go down if buyers start to preserve. Incomes likewise may go down if organizations start consider nature before they think about benefit. In the wake of analyzing the points of interest and burdens of overlooking the circumstance and controlling the circumstance, I believe that we should control it. It is inappropriate to overlook corrosive downpour and the benefits of controlling it truly exceed its weaknesses. Controlling and attempting to wipe out corrosive downpour will be costly and require governments, businesses and residents to make a move however it is the best activity. We should spare our environments, our harvests, our urban areas, our water and our wellbeing from the inconvenient impacts of corrosive downpour. Ebola Virus: History, Causes and Effects Ebola Virus: History, Causes and Effects K.G Shayani Upulika Ebola Virus Outbreak: The cutoff time and hopeless Hemorrhagic fever. Substance (Jump to) 1.1 Introduction to Ebola infection 1.2 History of Ebola infection. 1.3 Characteristics of Ebola infection 1.4 Symptoms of Ebola infection 1.5 Diag

Best Website to Buy College Papers

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The Issue Of Sustainability Of The Apparel Industry Essay

Sustainability Brianna Belton The issue of Sustainability in the apparel industry. There are a large amount of social and environmental problems within the global apparel industry. MSC 429-V84- Fall 2016 November 15, 2016 Introduction Generations ahead of us only had a tiny wardrobe, where clothes were not washed every day. In our generation, fast fashion is in. It’s ok to have multiple shirts or shoes of the same color. It’s actually ok to throw away unwanted apparel. Apparel companies are beginning to focus on sustainable fashion, also known as eco fashion. Apparel, fashion, and textiles is the most polluting industry in the world. Every stage, that a garment goes through, uses up and threatens our resources. Review of Literature Sustainability has become a major issue in the fashion industry. The global apparel industry has a large amount of social and environmental problems and the apparel industry is a dirty business that relies on water intensive methods and toxic chemicals within its factories. Fashion and textiles is known to be one of the most polluting industries in the world, following oil. Millions of gallons of wastewater from mills each year contain harsh chemicals. The clothing industry has a huge environmental impact, some of which include: industrial water pollution, production of fiber responsible for pesticide and insecticide. Another example is that it takes 700 gallons of water to produce enough cotton forShow MoreRelatedHow Does Nike Improve The Quality And Reduce Carbon Emissions?1345 Words   |  6 Pages In the modern world, energy use, GHG emissions, water use, chemistry and non-renewable resource depletion, and also socioeconomic issues become the most significan t environmental issues. It can be said that those affect community, occupational health and safety, and workforce development. Thus, Nike appreciates and follows ongoing improvement in these areas as can be seen throughout this report. Based on energy and GHG emissions, there is dramatic impact of climate change, so Nike sets a new planRead MoreWhat Can Raise Awareness Of Sustainable Consumption Of Textiles For College Students1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Many consumers aren’t educated on the importance of sustainability of clothing and textiles. The media mistakenly represents sustainability and the influence it can have on the environment. This research paper will attempt to address the question of what could raise awareness of sustainable consumption of textiles for college students. Consumers should all be aware of how they can conserve the environment by preserving clothing which is a concept that many people have not acknowledgedRead MoreAnalysis Of Zara s Low Cost And Direct Supply Chain System Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pages1) Threat of Value-Conscious Consumers Critical Issue: As mentioned earlier, Zara’s low-cost and direct supply-chain system allows it to take advantage of shifting fashion trends easily. Zara cost-effectively manufacturers its products in low-to-middle income countries such as Bangladesh and Vietnam, and then charges a premium in the form of high margins for the aspirational lifestyle it promotes. This is what has made it one of the most profitable fashion retailers. Justifiably so, it shouldRead MoreNike CSR Analysis1581 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ CSR Analysis and Impact on Operations Nike has a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that includes its commitment to the environment and is a signatory of the UN Global Compact. Nike has created a team of sustainability managers led by an independent director. Its environmental goals include producing eco-friendly products and minimizing its environmental impact through the reduction of greenhouse gases, organic solvents and PVCs. Nike acknowledges the difficulty of tracking environmentalRead MoreA Companys Corporate Social Responsibility1589 Words   |  7 PagesWhen looking at a company’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the tie in to consumer confidence, the apparel industry illustrates both the best and the worst cases. Today’s consumers are more aware of how multinational corporations are incorporating or failing to incorporate CSR practices throughout the product lifecycle. This awareness has pushed companies in the apparel industry like Nike and Gap to evaluate current practices and incorporate socially responsible and environmentally responsibleRead MoreStrategic Management of Tenfold Organic Textile3710 Words   |  15 PagesThreats 2.2 Main issues 2.2.1 Issue 1 2.2.2 Issue 2 3.0 Evaluation of Alternative Strategies 3.1 Alternative 1 3.2 Alternative 2 4.0 Implementation 5.0 Conclusion 6.0 Reference list 7.0 Appendix î ¿ ¾ Executive Summary Tenfoldâ„ ¢ Organic textile is a company that provides naturally dyed organic cotton products to consumers, manufacturers and retailers. Tenfold attracts its customers by being an environmentally responsible organization that produce apparel using eco-friendlyRead MoreFashion Reflection Paper906 Words   |  4 Pagesin the fashion industry. This class has made me feel more confident in choosing to work in the fashion industry as a career path. I learned so many things that can be applied in my future career and for that I am very thankful. I am also more aware of how much the fast fashion industry contributes to pollution and I want to make an effort to be more sustainable. This class gave me a new perspective on how important it is to be more sustainable when it comes to the apparel industry. From the textbookRead MoreChanging Consumer Based Fashion Industry1443 Words   |  6 PagesWhen examining the ever changing consumer based fashion industry, man-made societal standar ds, generalized attitudes towards sustainability, and overall environmental awareness effect consumer decisions. From an economic perspective, looking at the opportunity cost of clothing quality, supply of produced clothing, and demand for a new found sustainable market give the fashion an industry an opportunity to grow into a more sustainable venture. As social media grew with the advancement of technologyRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Nike s Strategy1540 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The sports fashion industry refers to the apparel and footwear people exercise in. This industry has seen growth as there’s more demand for trendy sportswear, most notably women as well as an increase in competitors; new look, Topshop and boohoo. Young people are the biggest sportswear buyers and are the most interested in innovation. (Sender, June 2015) Nike, as a company, fit into this market as the leader in sports fashion as they rank #1 in most valuable sports fashion and #18 overallRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Nike1312 Words   |  6 PagesWith enormous ethical issues and pressures facing the industry, many corporations have turned to enacting policies regarding corporate social responsibility. By adopting activities that work to aid society and the environment, corporations ultimately increase profits and improve br and image. Several organizations in the apparel industry have used socially responsible activities to rebuild reputations. Today, according to Nike’s official website, they define their â€Å"Nike Responsibility† as: â€Å"Explore

Warnings Of The Dangers Of Cigarettes And Tobacco

Warnings of the dangers of cigarettes and tobacco surround us on a daily basis yet smoking persists. Do millions of people continue to smoke for reasons more powerful than previously imagined? What, for example, could possess a heart attack victim to light up a cigarette the moment he is wheeled out of the coronary care unit? (Blakeslee) There must be some deeper cause. Something must exist to drown out the warnings and entice smokers despite the evidence of disease and death. The answer lies in nicotine and its addictive qualities as well as the concentrated campaign waged by the tobacco companies to peddle their wares. It is ridiculous to consider that tobacco companies are unaware of the dangers of their products. Indeed, they are†¦show more content†¦Before succumbing to their smoking related disease, the afflicted smokers will inevitably need care for their condition, incurring tremendous costs. This can cost the population of smokers billions of dollars every year (Day nard). If the individual smoker does not have insurance or is otherwise unable to meet the enormous costs, the bill can end up passed to the taxpayers, merely passing along the expense. In addition, the dangers posed by cigarettes are not limited to smokers themselves. Every year in the United States, 400,000 babies are born whose mothers smoked while pregnant. Additionally, smoking is thought to be responsible for in excess of 20,000 miscarriages and possibly seven times that number (Proctor 5). The babies that survive to term are at risk for a host of health issues, including low birth weight, increased danger of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, as well as possible delays in mental and behavioral development and increased possibility of birth defects such as cleft palate (Ashwin). Though the fetus does not actually inhale the smoke, the substances and poisons entering the mothers body cannot help but affect the unborn. In the face of these horrific statistics, why does anyone continu e to smoke? The answer can be found in examination of the mechanics of nicotine. An abused drug, as defined

My Understanding About Islam And The Muslims - 966 Words

This class reinforced my understanding about Islam and â€Å"Muslims.† it opened my eyes to various things that I would not think about on my own. These are details I just do not take the time to reflect upon. In short, my paper will focus on the concepts of acculturation and assimilation. I have noticed these concepts in the books and articles we have read throughout the quarter. In the book entitled A History of Islam in The America by Kambiz GhaneaBassiri, he discusses the fact that many of the enslaved African Muslims were obligated either to acculturate or assimilate to gain acceptance in the new society. He gives an example of Abdul Rahman. GhaneaBassiri states, â€Å"he was presented as a convert to Christianity who been baptized in the Baptist church.† I understood this mark as when we relocated to a different place, some people tend to assimilate. There is this saying that â€Å"when you enter into a room, if everybody has one eye opened, you should do the same.† Therefore, it is comprehensible if people assimilate to the majority of people because we are expected to fit in that society. I consider assimilation as being the survival of the fittest. Nobody desired to be alienated from the rest, so they do the exact things that others do. Moreover, the concept of assimilation helps keep an order in a society. People can be easily manipula ted or controlled when they have the same values or think similarly. That’s just the way human being function; we don’t like something to beShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Islam1309 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Understanding Islam† by Kenneth Jost, pg. 172 – 176 Islam is an ill-perceived religion throughout most of the Western world. Once known as a quiet and peaceful religion, the general perception of people from other religions and most of the world upon Islam is quite distorted. Ever since the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, an influx of discrimination and prejudice towards Islam and Muslims has spread throughout the world. In â€Å"Understanding Islam,† by Kenneth Jost, an article aboutRead MoreEssay on Islam The Straight Path989 Words   |  4 Pages Islam The Straight Path   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An evaluation of the book by John L. Esposito: Islam The Straight Path. In this book , Esposito provides a succinct, up-to-date survey of the Islamic experience, an introduction to the faith, belief, and practice of Islam from its origins to its contemporary resurgence. He traces the emergence and development of this dynamic faith and its impact on world history and politics. He discusses the formation of Islamic belief and practice (law, theology, philosophy,Read MoreSpiritual, Religion, And Culture Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesSpiritual, Religion, and Culture: ISLAM The religion of Islam is described in a way that, â€Å"provides humankind with a unified view about the purpose of our creation and existence, our ultimate destiny and our place among other creatures. It is a way of life that is in complete conformance with nature, and with reason, logic and science† (Islam Explained, n.d.). â€Å"Islam† is the Arabic word which means voluntary surrender to the will of Allah (God) and obedience to His commands. It is the religion ofRead MoreIslam the Straight Path1014 Words   |  5 PagesIslam The Straight Path An evaluation of the book by John L. Esposito: Islam The Straight Path. In this book , Esposito provides a succinct, up-to-date survey of the Islamic experience, an introduction to the faith, belief, and practice of Islam from its origins to its contemporary resurgence. He traces the emergence and development of this dynamic faith and its impact on world history and politics. He discusses the formation of Islamic belief and practice (law, theology, philosophy, and mysticism)Read MoreWorldview/Religion Analysis of Islam Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesWorldview/Religion Analysis of Islam By Elizabeth Case Student ID: L6924379 Presented to: Dr. Raymond Johnson In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Introduction to Apologetics APOL 500 Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA April 3, 2011 Worldview/Religion Analysis of Islam Summary of Islam The Arabic term Islam literally means â€Å"surrender† or â€Å"submission†. The followers of Islam, known as Muslims (from the active participle of Islam), accept or surrenderRead MoreReligion As A Social Institution1689 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion offers salvation, enlightenment, and an afterlife. In chapter twelve of the book, Miller defines Religion as a social institution consisting of the beliefs and practices associated with supernatural beings, powers, and forces. Miller also talked about how the root of all human religion is animism. Animism refers to the belief in spiritual beings such as angels, gods, and spirits. For example, the pre-Islamic religion believed in animism that physical entities such as animals, plants, and inanimateRead MoreTheodicy and Ethics Within Islam905 Words   |  4 PagesTheodicy and Ethics within Islam Critically analyzing and reflecting upon the concept of Theodicy and Ethics, one may interpret these two concepts to have great influence upon the significance of Islam. The functions of these two concepts are to further broaden one s understanding of Islam. Both concepts are essential to learning about the Islamic way of life. Moreover, in Islam theodicy and ethics serve as the basis of the problem of evil, right and wrong, the principle of taklif, practicingRead MoreI Thought Was Different From Myself Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pagesquestions about being a Muslim and for him to try and explain some of the principles of Islam. Farik agreed. We met in my home during the day, when my abode is the most tranquil and calm. Now remember he is just dong me a favor and is not an Islamic scholar in any shape or form. Having been raised Roman Catholic and being deployed a few times to the Middle East, I still felt like I did not have a firm grasp of what a Muslim or what Islam is real ly about. As in other faith traditions, Muslim scholarsRead MoreIslam And Islam : Islam, Terrorism, And War Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesIslamic authority’ because becoming ‘scholars or Ulama of Islam’ via western secular academia is relatively a new phenomenon for majority of Muslims (Moosa 2015). Since the horrific events of 9/11, Islam and Muslims especially has been the crux of much censure and debated in the media. Muslims have been widely discussed by themes of ‘migration’, ‘terrorism’, and ‘war’. In the meta-analyses on the representation of Muslims and Islam in the media between 2000-2015, there is the rise of OrientalistRead MoreMuslims A Follower Of The Religion Of Islam Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pages Muslims a follower of the religion of Islam. Islam is easily the second-largest religion in the world. Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet and messenger Muhammad. Muslim is an Arabic word meaning one who submits (to God). Muslims religious practices are particularized in The Five Pillars of Islam, and are the Declaration of Faith, five daily Prayers, Fasting (for the entire month of Ramadan from dawn to dusk), Charity and Pilgrimage

Gender Pay Gap

Question: Why it is still gender pay gap common and what are the solutions? Answer: Introduction Major social, demographic and economic changes have bought few essential transformations in the society in last few decades. One of the most significant changes it had bought is the massive invasion of women in the workforce. With the increasing trend of inclusion of women in the working field there is a continuous focus on the gender pay equality as well. The progress of women in the workforce is directly linked to the noteworthy advancement of women in the educational field. However having a remarkable educational qualification does not give the women the desired advantage in income (Dipboye and Colella 2013). Several researches in the field have indicated that there is a clear indication of the increased participation of women in the labor force due to acquiring higher education and making substantial earning. Yet it is still a challenge for women workers to earn as much as the men workers earn. There is a remarkable trend all around the world, even in the developed countries, tha t even if women are well educated and participate actively in the workforce, they still earn less than men. For instance, in Australia, women earn around 80% of wage men earn (Newman 2014). This gender pay came has been persistent and it is puzzling through the equality ratio. A huge range of rules and legislations have been implemented to deal with such issues all around the globe. The essay will try to identify the comprehensive motives for the obvious existence of inequality in payroll on the basis of gender. In the ancient times the women usually stayed at home and took care of the family, while the men used to take the economic responsibility. The increasing participation pace of women in the workforce has boosted because of establishing few regulations which had removed the remaining obstacles in the women employment and allowed them to work in diverse industries. After the First World War I, the problem of labor shortage had triggered the issue of incorporating women in the workplace who can replace the men fighting in the war (Cha and Weeden 2014). From the very beginning there had been a clear inequality in the wages of women. Several campaigns formed by different women associations triggered the issue of having the equality in payment. Supporters of the campaigns all over the world promote the theory of comparable worth in this matter, which says that there should always be an equal pay for the jobs which comprises of similar responsibility and skills and this equality should occur at all the places regardless of the market values (Christofides, Polycarpou and Vrachimis 2013). However, still in the twenty first century, there is apparent gender pay inequality all over the world. While in many situations people are happy with the apparent diminution of the wage gap based on gender over the few last decades, the scenario still remains a reason of concern. It is a notable fact that the choice of career for the women and not being well represented in several occupations contribute to the difference in wage between the men and women. If historically observed, there has always been a major professional segregation between the two genders (Haslam et al. 2014). Women have always chosen a narrower form of occupation than the men. This had also led to a subtle stereotype in workplaces. Several researches on the gender pay gap had indicated that among many reasons such as career and choice of education, different work expertise, pay discrimination is generally seen to be more obvious than the subtle stereotyping in work which leads to gender bias. Even if both the female and male managers tend to show the gender bias in payment and hiring process, also in the occurrence of the wage gap across all the occupations and industries (Foley et al. 2015). This trend suggests that the discrimination in payment is an outcome of cultural and historical b eliefs which is mostly common to the world. The most notable factor that may explain the gender pay gap is the working hour difference in women and men. In most of the cases women tend to work in the part time and temporary jobs. However, even if the full time, responsible jobs are considered, it has been proved in many studies, that the median earning of women is approximately 75 percent that of a man. This point out a considerable pay gap exists between women and men. Also there is a factor of vertical segregation that arises in both the private and public sectors when men are located in a higher position like managerial roles or executives and their subordinates are women. Women are generally given fewer opportunities to engage in promoting to higher positions, as a result to that women are restrained their flexibility upwards to the organizational hierarchy and there is a tendency of under-representing them in the senior positions (Beaurain and Masclet 2016). This common phenomenon is called the glass ceiling effect which refers to the artificial obstacle on the basis of organizational bias which prevents the qualified individual from moving forward in the organization and into managerial positions. This factor contributes more ti the gender pay gap. The family obligations such as giving birth or taking care of children and other family members, there are a huge percentage of women who do not participate in the permanent jobs; rather they prefer cart time and flexible jobs. This factor has been found in several studies that indicates that around 36 percent of women become absent to their work places due to pregnancy (Guner, Kaya and Snchez-Marcos 2014). It is also indicated in studies that married men tend to work longer hours than the married women. There is n doubt that part time jobs pay way less than the full time jobs , therefore the uneven participation causes women to be categorized in the lower level of income group with adequate chances to sharpen their skills and promotion opportunity. Another factor that adds up to the gender pay gap that is the educational ways that women and men take in their higher education and passively affects the earnings in the work place. Historically it has been seen that men tend to opt for science subjects while women opt for education and humanities (Geoffroy and Chamberland 2014). However, this is another stereotype that has been made for decades that women are not good at science subjects; rather they are more comfortable in humanities. Therefore the pay in the male occupations is higher than the female occupations. Many educationists agree that there is an active gender discrimination which is partly accounted for most of the gender pay gap. Several companies advertize for vacancies listed separately for women and men, where the mens pay is greatly higher than the women. In most of the situations the skills of women are undervalued and in some cases unrecognized, which is caused by the social stereotype of gender discrimination and the perception that the capabilities of women are less (OReilly et al. 2015). Moreover, in many situations women and men having same skills, work experience and educational qualifications are treated unequally in a same job role. However, it is illegal to discriminate anyone from being employed in any occupation in the developed countries, yet the gender discrimination and biasness initiate most of the gender pay gaps. No matter it is unintentional or intentional, the social gender discrimination and bias is the most crucial element in the perseverance of pay gap bet ween women and men. There might be few limitations that might block the way of equality in gender pay, but there are numbers of benefits that can be gained if the gender pay gap is absent. The increase in the pay will lead more empowerment of women and will help to reduce the chances of violence, harassment and other exploitations at the workplace. In addition to that, it will bring an optimistic effect to the families which ultimately will improve the economical situations. Also if there is a equal pay in the organizations, the staff productivity and morale will increase and absence of employees might be decreased as well. However, there are always interventions of the government implementing the fair pay regulations among the employees, though several academicians claim that only the legislative reformation is not sufficient. There should be non discriminatory policies and practices in the work place and the policies should be cautiously designed and well implemented and should also be monitored to bu ild a positive image to the employees. For that reason the human resource management team should play a crucial role in making the decisions to support the strategies. It is recommended to the organizations to use systematic and constant procedure of evaluation system of the potential candidates and the employees as well to tackle the gender based inequalities. There may be a model approach can be introduced in the organizations to evaluate the probability of the gender bias. Both the female and male recruiters should be involved in the selection process so that female candidates do not face any discriminatory process. There should also be mentoring programs with the help of professional consultants for the female employees to encourage them to take an active part in participating in their jobs and applying for the senior positions. In consequence of the increasing staff morale at work the organization may build a healthy and positive image with growing competitive advantages in the market. With the sincere help of community, government and the management of the organizations, it can be believed that further decrease in the gender pay gap is possible. Reference List and Bibliography Beaurain, G. and Masclet, D., 2016. Does affirmative action reduce gender discrimination and enhance efficiency? New experimental evidence.European Economic Review,90, pp.350-362. Cha, Y. and Weeden, K.A., 2014. Overwork and the slow convergence in the gender gap in wages. American Sociological Review, 79(3), pp.457-484 Christofides, L.N., Polycarpou, A. and Vrachimis, K., 2013. Gender wage gaps,sticky floors and glass ceilings in Europe. Labour Economics, 21, pp.86-102. Dalton, D.W., Cohen, J.R., Harp, N.L. and McMillan, J.J., 2014. Antecedents and consequences of perceived gender discrimination in the audit profession.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(3), pp.1-32. Dipboye, R.L. and Colella, A. eds., 2013.Discrimination at work: The psychological and organizational bases. Psychology Press. Foley, S., Ngo, H.Y., Loi, R. and Zheng, X., 2015. Gender, gender identification and perceived gender discrimination: An examination of mediating processes in China.Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal,34(8), pp.650-665. Geoffroy, M. and Chamberland, L., 2014. Mental health implications of workplace discrimination against sexual and gender minorities: A literature review.Sante mentale au Quebec,40(3), pp.145-172. Guner, N., Kaya, E. and Snchez-Marcos, V., 2014. Gender gaps in Spain: policies and outcomes over the last three decades. SERIEs, 5(1), pp.61-103 Haslam, S.A., van Knippenberg, D., Platow, M.J. and Ellemers, N. eds., 2014.Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice. Psychology Press. Koch, A.J., DMello, S.D. and Sackett, P.R., 2015. A meta-analysis of gender stereotypes and bias in experimental simulations of employment decision making.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(1), p.128. Newman, C., 2014. Time to address gender discrimination and inequality in the health workforce.Human resources for health,12(1), p.25. OReilly, J., Smith, M., Deakin, S. and Burchell, B., 2015. Equal Pay as a Moving Target: International perspectives on forty-years of addressing the gender pay gap. Cambridge Journal of Economics. 39 (2) pp. 299-317

Ethics Policy on Deinstitutionalization Essay Example

Ethics Policy on Deinstitutionalization Essay Ethics Policy: Deinstitutionalization By: Clifton Dickerson Sunday, December 05, 2010 Deinstitutionalization has started to become a very big dilemma in our society today. Because of high recidivism and quality of care in institutions, they have started to become an unnecessary part of our mental health services. This lack of productivity in mental institutions and our recent deinstitutionalization laws has caused a lot of mental health patients to be put back out on the streets when they should be receiving treatment. These are people that can barely take care of themselves, wear torn or inappropriate clothing, talk to themselves, shout at others, and generally act in bizarre ways. Though none of this directly affects anyone personally, it is a bad representation of our towns, state, and country. This deinstitutionalization movement soon resulted in what we call trans-institutionalization. Trans-institutionalization includes an influx of mental patients into our jails, prisons, or homeless shelters. It is our ethical responsibility to make sure everyone in our country at least has the same opportunities as everyone else. How it is that America can claim to be an equal opportunity country, but yet there is still so many of these people wandering our streets and in homeless shelters? This is proof that these people are not able to take care of themselves and is in need of help from someone, this is where our mental institutions should come in play. Unfortunately, a lot of mental patients dread these places either because they do not believe they need help or because they do not want to have their personal rights taken away from them. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Policy on Deinstitutionalization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Policy on Deinstitutionalization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Policy on Deinstitutionalization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mental institutions must be able to provide patients with adequate living conditions that will further enhance their rehabilitation process. There are already a lot of rights that get taken away from a person when they are in a place they do not wish to be. The deinstitutionalization movement tried to help solve this problem by taking away institutionalization without consent by moving the mentally ill out of prolonged confinement into community mental health centers, which are voluntary. We also must think about how to finance these institutions without making the patient going in debt because of a disorder they were born with. More money will allow them to have more adequate staffing, which is also a must need in mental facilitations. This all helps keep our mental patients off of the streets wandering and helps give them adequate treatment . Due to the current deinstitutionalization laws, there are many of our mental patients on the streets or in jail. According to the U. S Department of Justice there have been forty new mental hospitals close in the past decade. Most of these may have been mental hospitals that were not adequately suited for patients. During that same decade there has also been four hundred new prisons that have opened up. To rectify these problems we must: 1. Educate Everyone Involved a. The prison system should be able to decipher whether a inmate has a mental illness or not b. We should have the supervisors at homeless shelters be able to refer patients to a mental hospital. To do that we need them to also be able to tell the difference between a regular homeless person and a person with a mental illness. It must be the patient’s choice to go to mental hospital though, supervisors can only refer. c. We should also make sure the employees at our mental institutions are educated on their roles in the hospital. Deinstitutionalization helped protect the rights of mental patients, but also has been the cause of a lot of deaths of people with mental illnesses. A lot of the problems regarding people with mental illnesses on the street will cease when there are more adequate mental facilities for them to go to. The rights of patients are one of the most important factors we must consider when talking about the subject of deinstitutionalization. Like I’ve stated previously, deinstitutionalization helped solve a lot of our problems regarding the rights of patients, although there are still some we must address. How a mental facility is run has an effect on the ethics of the facility. Mental facilities should follow the following guidelines: 1. The only way a patient should be institutionalized against their will is if they are physically harming others or themselves. If they are harming themselves, then we have an ethical responsibility to help them. If there is no reason to incarcerate someone though, then it should not be done. 2. Patients should be given all of the amenities that they would receive at a state hospital. a. This includes; social services, adequate housing and food, help with employment, psychiatric care, and they should also be prepped to be able to go back out into the social world. b. To expect these patients with mental illnesses, probably without families or friends, to be able to go out and fend for themselves is preposterous. They should be taught while inside the facility how to be a responsible part of the community before they leave. 3. Patients should be given behavioral therapy first before being put on medication. This is done for a few reasons: c. To ensure that the right prescription is being handed out to patient d. I fell as if we are quick to give a patient medicine to calm them down without getting to the basics of the problem first. Therefore, we never neutralize the situation, but hide it and send them back onto the streets. e. Every patient should also continue with their behavioral therapy throughout the time there. 4. Medication will be given, at patient’s consent, in form of an implant under the skill that will slowly release medication. f. The medication period should not exceed one week. At that time adequate assessments should be made on whether to continue administering the drug to the patient. 5. Patients should have the freedom to roam around the property as they feel. g. There must, however, be cameras around the facility that is under constant surveillance to ensure the safety of the patients. . Every patient should have a support system while at the mental institution. h. Support system should include; psychiatrist, social worker, and nurse. i. Each one of these should know the patient on a one-on-one basis 7. Before patients are released there must be community services they can get involved in that will actually help them out and ease them into society. j. Halfway houses can be turned into production houses i. There are many jobs that a mentally ill person would enjoy doing that a normal person would not such as autonomous tasks for an autistic person. ii. By having them do this they are using what some of us call their limitations are strengths, thus building confidence and allowing them to feel like parts of the community. These production houses can also help fund these halfway houses if the profit is spent wisely in the house. These few instructions will help make sure that the rights of all patients are taken into consideration. This way our mental institutions will not fell like prison to them, but more of an actual hospital. Doing this will help make the patients feel more comfortable being in an institution and will make them want to be here instead of out on the streets. And even when they do get out on their own, we can help make it an easier process for them. The criminal justice system is filled with mentally ill individuals, showing a failure to the deinstitutionalization movement. We must open our eyes and see the problems behind deinstitutionalization before we end up destroying the lives of innocent people with mental illnesses. This does not mean that we should shun deinstitutionalization, which was made to give patients more rights, instead just correct some of the things that it did not account for.