Country Analysis China

Table of Contents Introduction Political system Legal system Economic analysis Conclusion References Introduction China has a vibrant economy that forms potential for many investors. The government of China has improved the infrastructure of the country to ensure that investors have a good business environment. The legal systems of the country are favorable for conducting business.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Country Analysis: China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The economy of the country has been good and this forms a good foundation for performing business activities. In addition, the political and legal systems support business activities in the country. China has a viable business environment and investors should consider establishing investments in the country (Harper Huhti, 2009). Political system After the second word war China experienced political stability due to the good systems th at were established to protect the economy of the country from future events similar to those experienced during the war. China is politically neutral and this favors business and economic activities in the country. The government participates actively in international activities such as peace talks, environmental protection forums and other global political events. China is located in a business friendly location. The country borders Asia, China Sea, Yellow sea and this facilitates water transport. In china there are civil society groups which monitor the activities of the government leaders. There are lobby groups which ensure that the rights of the people are preserved. China has diplomatic representation in several countries and this makes the country to have peace with other countries in the world (World Factbook, 2010). Legal system The current constitution of China was promulgated in 1982 but has been amended severally to suit the changing legal needs. The legal systems of Ch ina are established on civil system. The laws were developed from the Soviet as well as the legal guidelines of the continental civil code. This implies that the legislature has the mandate to interpret statutes. The constitution of China has no clear guidelines about the review of the legislation by the judiciary. Compulsory ICJ authority is not acceptable by the Chinese government. The constitution of China provides the minimum suffrage is 18 years. This is the age that persons become legally liable (Harper Huhti, 2009). The government of china is headed by a president who is assisted by a vice president. Government events are headed by the premier while the cabinet is headed by state council. The president and his vice are elected after every five years. China has efficient court systems which implement the rule of law. This provides good judicial protection to all business people in the country as well as guiding the people on how to maintain law and order (Harper Huhti, 2009) .Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic analysis For the last three decades the economy of China has experienced a lot of changes. The economy has been transformed from a closed to open economy where international trade has been accepted. The participation of the private sector has also emerged during this period while globalization has been a common happening. Major economic reforms started in the 1970’s when prices were liberalized, the economy shifted from agriculture to industrialization, industries were decentralized, diversity in the banking sector was experienced and other major economic changes. In the modern days the Chinese government has introduced strategies such as supporting state corporations, improving foreign direct investment among other policies as a means of creating economic security. In 2005 the government devalued the currency of the country against the dollar to provide allowance for other currencies. The economy of China has been performing well and was rated the second largest economy in the world after the US economy in 2009 (World Factbook, 2010). There are various challenges that government encounters in an effort to develop the economy. The first challenge involves the effort to increasing domestic savings, raising domestic demand and strengthening the social safety net. This has caused the country to depend more on the export of its commodities to generate income. The second challenge involves provision of enough jobs for the large number of unemployed people in the country (Kalman, 2008). Many people especially those living in the rural areas are unemployed and this increases the level of poverty in the country. Thirdly, the government struggles to reduce corruption as well as other economic crimes. Government leaders and other senior people are involved in economic crimes and this has remained a major challenge to the government. Corruption is being experienced in almost all offices and this vice has become impossible to eradicate. Lastly, there is a great challenge that the government is facing to reduce environmental damage as well as other social damages caused by the rapid changes being experienced in the country. The environment has continuously been damaged by human activities and this has caused the country to experience many negative impacts that result from environmental degradation (Kalman, 2008). The economy experiences more developments at the coast than at the interior. Rural-urban migration is very high because many people move from the rural areas in search of jobs in the urban centers. The country experiences an ageing population due to the introduction of the one-child policy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Country Analysis: China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the c ountry experiences the problem of environmental deterioration. This has been caused by the high rate of soil and air erosion, and the falling level of water table. To counter the effects of the environmental damage, the government has introduced the policy of getting other sources of energy other than coal and oil. The government is focused towards developing nuclear and other sources of energy. The global economy meltdown that was experienced in 2009 has reduced the amount of exports greatly. The government has introduced the policy of increasing domestic consumption as one of improving the GDP of the country and to avoid over-reliance on exports for earnings (Harper Huhti, 2009). The export commodities of China are electrical and electronics, iron, medical equipment and others. The exports partners of China are the US, Japan, Germany, South Korea and others. The imports are machinery, petroleum products, plastics, chemicals and others. The import partners are Japan, Taiwan, Germa ny, the US, Hong Kong and others. China has established a good business relationship with other countries. The country trades with many countries in the world and this has attracted many investors in the country. The country has a very high foreign direct investment in other countries and this has encouraged other countries to invest in China (Harper Huhti, 2009). The unemployment rate in China is 4.3 percent and this shows that the government has managed to reduce poverty levels by providing economic activities to many people. This is an indication that the supply of labor in the country is low and employers should be prepared to pay attractive remuneration to attract and retain professional and qualified people. Only 2.8 percent of the population lives below the poverty line in the country. However, a bigger number of the people in rural are poorer compared to the urban based (World Factbook, 2010). The rate of inflation as recorded in 2009 was -0.7 percent. This is a small rate and this is a clear indication that the country has a stable economy. However, the country experienced a very high rate of inflation in 2008 (6 percent). This was caused the global economic recession that was being experienced during that period.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Today, the economy of China has been able to overcome the shock of the economic recession and there is good progress towards rebuilding the industries that were adversely affected by the recession (World Factbook, 2010). China has a good stock market and this attracts many investors in the global stock market. On the other hand, the commercial banks in the country have attractive lending rates. Most commercial banks lend at 5-6 percent interest and this is a favorable rate that encourages investors to obtain loans from the banks. Investors are encouraged to do business in the country by the provision of a favorable rate of interest on business loans. The government has subsidized all business loans to encourage people invest in the country (World Factbook, 2010). Conclusion China has a viable business environment and investors should consider establishing investments in the country. The political, legal and economic environments of the country are favorable for business activities. China has a well established government system that provides good economic policies for the development of businesses in the country. China has an attractive business environment and foreign investors should consider establishing investments in the country. Due to the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, more business opportunities are being created and this allows investors to focus on expanding their businesses. References Harper, D. and Huhti, T. (2009). China. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1741048664, 9781741048667. Kalman, B. (2008). China: The Culture. Crabtree Publishing Company. ISBN 077879301X, 9780778793014. World Factbook (2010). China. Retrieved from; www.cia.gov. This research paper on Country Analysis: China was written and submitted by user Harold Sheppard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Make Biodiesel From Algae

How to Make Biodiesel From Algae Algae is easy to produce and requires less land to do so than many other plant sources commonly used in the making of fuels, making it an attractive candidate for full-scale biodiesel production. In addition, with a composition containing about half lipid oils, algae appear to be a rich resource as a biofuel feedstock. How to Extract Oil From Algae Not surprisingly, there are numerous ways to remove the lipids, or oils, from the walls of algae cells. But you may be surprised to learn that none of them are particularly earth-shaking methods. For example, ever hear of an olive press? One of the ways for extracting oil from algae works very much like the technique used in an oil press. This is the simplest and most common method for extracting oil from algae and yields about 75 percent of the total available oil from the algae plant. Another common method is the hexane solvent method. When combined with the oil press method, this step can yield up to 95 percent of available oil from algae. It utilizes a two-step process. The first is to utilize the oil press method. Then, instead of stopping there, the leftover algae is mixed with hexane, filtered and cleaned to remove all traces of the chemical in the oil. Used less frequently, the supercritical fluid method can extract up to 100 percent of available oil from the algae. Carbon dioxide is pressurized and heated to change its composition into both a liquid as well as a gas. It is then mixed with the algae, which turns the algae completely into oil. Although it can yield 100 percent of available oil, the plentiful supply of algae as well as the additional equipment and work required, make this one of the least popular options. More diversified than the extraction processes are the methods used for growing the algae so that it will yield the most oil. Growing Algae for the Production of Biodiesel Unlike extraction methods, which are practically universal, growing algae for biodiesel varies greatly in process and method used. While it is possible to identify three primary ways to grow algae, biodiesel manufacturers have worked hard to tweak these processes and make them their own in the quest for perfecting the algae growing process. Open-Pond Growing One of the easiest processes to understand is known as open-pond growing. This is also the most natural way to grow algae for the purpose of biodiesel production. Just as its name would imply, in this method, algae are grown on open ponds, particularly in very warm and sunny parts of the globe, with the hope of maximizing production. This is the simplest form of production, but not surprisingly, it also has some serious drawbacks. In order to truly maximize algae production using this method, water temperature needs to be controlled which can prove very difficult. In addition, this method is more dependent on weather than others, another variable that is impossible to control. Vertical Growth Another method for growing algae is a vertical growth or closed loop production system. This process actually came about as biofuel companies sought to produce algae quicker and more efficiently than what was possible utilizing open pond growth. Vertical growing places algae in clear, plastic bags which allows them to be exposed to sunlight on more than just one side. These bags are stacked high and protected from the elements with a cover. While that extra sun may seem trivial, in reality, the clear plastic bag provides just enough exposure to sunlight to increase the rate of the algae production. Obviously, the greater the algae production, the greater the potential amount of oil that will later be extracted. And unlike the open pond method where algae is exposed to contamination, the vertical growth method isolates algae from this concern. Closed-Tank Bioreactor Plants A third method of extraction that biodiesel companies are continuing to perfect is the construction of algae closed-tank bioreactor plants to further increase already-high oil production. In this method, algae isnt grown outside. Instead, indoor plants are built with large, round drums that are able to grow algae under near perfect conditions. Within these barrels, the algae can be manipulated into growing at maximum levelseven to the point they can be harvested every day. This method, understandably, results in a very high output of algae and oil for biodiesel. Some companies are locating their closed bioreactor plants near energy plants so that extra carbon dioxide can actually be recycled rather than polluting the air. Biodiesel manufacturers continue to hone the closed container and closed-pond processes, with some developing a variation known as fermentation. In this method, algae is cultivated in closed containers where it is fed sugar to spur growth. Following this process is attractive to growers since it provides complete control over an environment. A lesser advantage is that this method is not reliant upon weather or similar climatic conditions to be viable. However, this process has researchers considering sustainable methods for obtaining enough sugar to maximize algae production.

Human Toxic Chemical Hazard And Risk Assessment Essay

Human Toxic Chemical Hazard And Risk Assessment - Essay Example According to a report produced by Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in 2008, this chemical toxin is the widely studied and researched toxin, because of its toxicological effect on humans (Abash, 113). However, according to Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), fungi produced mycotoxins are harmless and helpful to human body. In addition, according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Aflatoxins are not harmful if only consumed in very minute quantities. This toxic chemical substance is known to cause acute liver damage and liver cancer (Smith, 33). The cumulative effect of this toxic chemical substance is what is known to cause the liver diseases and damage. A major concern about this toxin is that it is heat stable. Thus, once produced on food substances such as vegetables, seeds, legumes and nuts, they remain permanently, since no extreme temperatures can destroy the toxins. Any heating or freezing has no impact on the toxic chemical substance (Huddler, 8). ii. ... Is this an Acute and/or Chronic threat? The chemical poisoning caused by the consumption of food substances invade by this toxin is acute. Is this a Systemic and/or Target Organ Threat? The poisoning caused by this toxin is both target organ and systematic. The intoxication is target organ since it affects the liver, causing its damage and causing other liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, hepatic fibrosis and fatty liver disease (Abash, 125). The intoxication is also systematic since it causes a variety of different cancers on the body, affecting different body parts. The poisoning caused by the toxin can also cause the blockage of small arteries, due to blood clots (Bingham, 591). Most important, the infection is systematic since the intoxication causes the malfunction of the digestion system. This affects the absorption of nutrients by the body, subsequently affecting the stability of the brain and eventually leading to coma and death. What Are The More Likely (Probable) â€⠀œ Additional, Concurrent Chemical Exposures That May Interact With The Selected Chemical? The Aflatoxins have a probability of interacting with the alkaline substances of the human DNA, thus causing gene mutation. What Type of Chemical Interactions May Occur With the Additional, Concurrent Toxic Chemicals? The type of chemical reaction likely to occur is intercalation and alkylation of the DNA molecules. iii. Risk assessment This toxic chemical substance cause harm to consumers on the event that they consume food substances, which has this toxic substance in them. The toxin can contaminate the food substance before harvest and during storage (Smith, 27). The